How to Math

VECTOR SPACES AND SUBSPACES   INTRODUCTION          The definition of a vector space V , whose elements are called vectors , involves arbitrary filed K , whose elements are called scalars .          The following notation will be used (unless otherwise stated or implied)   V  given vectors space u,v,w vectors in  V K  given number field a , b , c , or k scalars in K VECTOR SPACES                   The following define the notion of a vector space V , where K  is the field of scalars. Definition: Let V   be a nonempty set with two operations: 1. Rule of vector addition , which assigns to any u,v ∈ V    a sum u+v  in V . 2. Rule of vector multiplication , which assigns to any u ∈ V  and     k ∈ K  a product ku ∈ K . Then V   is ...

Determinants Introduction         Each n -square matrix A = [a ij ] is assigned a special scalar called the determinant of A , denoted by det ( A )  or | A | or                          An n ✕ n   array of scalars enclosed by straight lines, called a  determinant of order n, is not a matrix but denotes the determinant of the enclosed array of scalars, i.e., the enclosed matrix.           The determinant function was first discovered during the investigation of systems of linear equations. The determinant is an indispensable tool in investigating and obtaining properties of square matrices.   Determinants of Order 1 and 2 The Determinants of Order 1 and 2 are defined as follows: The determinant of a 1x1  matrix  A = [a 11 ]  is the scalar  a 11  itself, that is,     ...